Apply tracing paper to the top of the soundboard and sketch out one or two decorative clefs. Roosebeck Double Strung Hammered Dulcimer Features: 10 treble and 9 bass courses Construction: Indian Rosewood String material: brass, steel Accessories included: One pair of two-sided dulcimer hammers have a leather pad on one side. There are usually 23 or more pairs of string stretched across these bridges in such a way that you can play notes by tapping each pair of strings (called a course) near the bridges. Additionally, the timpan or tiompan (thought to be a psaltery) were mentioned in old stories as far back as the 6th century AD and were said to be played by faeries. However, the instrument is beginning to evolve for a new generation. The tsymbaly tradition has carried over to Western Canada amongst the Ukrainian diaspora. This technique is called (fnzh), which is perfect for higher range notes and glissandos. Another possibility is through the seaport at Canton/Guangzhou from a Portuguese, English, or Dutch trading ship. The nobility were the main players of the doulcemr, but the trend quickly disappeared during the French Revolution when the instruments were seized. If you're unable to measure the existing strings, another option is to try looking at some of our string charts (available on this page) and guessing which one is the most similar to your dulcimer. Wed love to talk with you! Next, cut a plastic dowel into small pieces to fit to the top of each bridge. The Acoustic Music Shop Features Quality Hammered Dulcimers and Hammered Dulcimer Accessories from Master Works, Dusty Strings, Songbird and Rick Thum. In the usual construction, playing them on the left side gives a note a fifth higher than playing them on the right of the bridge. It seems that the instrument depicted in stone carvings around 700 BC in ancient Assyria may have been the original psaltery. In addition to the above tools, you will need the following materials (in addition to the wood you selected for construction of the actual instrument): If this is your first hammered dulcimer project, we recommend watching a video on how to build a hammered dulcimer to provide background. The cimbalom, or concert cimbalom, is a descendant of the hackbrett. About the author:In her childhood, Nicolette Foss could be found underneath piles of sawdust in her fathers hammered dulcimer workshop. If you're not sure which model you have, you can find it written on a sticker inside one of the sound holes. The instruments that were played differed in many ways, however, such as size, tuning, amount of strings, as well as the way of holding and playing the hammers. Sponsored . $340.00 . We don't use any pushy sales tactics, and would love to answer any questions you might have (or help you figure out what questions to ask). Using a drill press, drill holes at a 15 degree angle away from the center of the instrument. It is struck with sticks wound with cotton on the tips to produce a soft, ethereal sound. Country/Region of Manufacture: United States. Billy Bennington (19001986), a player from Norfolk, England, used cane hammers bound with wool. This variation is the most modern rendition of the hackbrett, created in the 1930s to play Stubenmusik (or parlor music), a form of Alpine folk music. Others will knock on the trunk of the tree and listen carefully for the right sound. Unlike the American HD, are most of the other instruments tuned chromatically? Most traditional American hammered dulcimers have the major keys of F, C, G and D easily available, which works well for a variety of musical styles like old-time, bluegrass, hymns, Celtic tunes, and even some pop music. Most people these days start out with 15/14s or 16/15s with the wider 1" string spacing which is better for beginners. Harmony Time: Embellishments for Hammered Dulcimer . Aside from individual strings, we also sell two types of string sets. Mexico: The salterio of Mexico, or salterio Mexicano, is related to the psaltery of the 16th century. You play by striking the strings with a pair of hammers, which are often made of wood and can have a variety of striking surfaces to produce different types of sound. And in this guide, we will walk you through every step of the process. This transposes one equally tempered scale to another. The popularity of the khim is still on the rise. Hammered dulcimers vary in size, but are generally between 30-48 inches long, 12-24 inches in width, and 2-6 inches in depth. Music on the yangqin can be played either solo or as part of an ensemble. Solid Wood Hammered Dulcimers, Best Acoustic Amplifiers for Dulcimers [2023], Power drill (ideally a bench top drill press with vice). So if youre looking for a new hobby or want to try your hand at woodworking, building a hammered dulcimer is the perfect way to get started! However, there are other variations that may have different tuning systems, lack dampers, and are not heavily constructed but still called cimbalom. The heads of two sided hammers are usually oval or round. The head of the hammer can be left bare for a sharp attack sound, or can be covered with adhesive tape, leather, or fabric for a softer sound. Many people even skip all of that and just play by ear! In the 1760s, Catherine the Great of Russia, invited Germans to settle and colonize near the Volga River. Next, lay the moveable internal braces to the top of the instrument across the stationary lateral braces. As an Amazon Associate, we may earn commissions from qualifying purchases from Amazon.com, Plywood vs. Shifting down three courses transposes the D-major scale to A-major, but of course the first Do-Re-Mi would be shifted off the instrument. Iraq: The Iraqi santur (or santour, santoor) is made of walnut, and has a total of 92 strings, either steel or bronze. For example, a 16/15 dulcimer has 16 courses of strings on the treble bridge and 15 courses on the bass bridge, which translates to about 3 octaves of overall range. The 42 strings are brass, and have 14 notes (courses are in strings of threes). User:Kar Mester at hu.wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Be sure to avoid using softwoods such as pine, as they will not produce a desirable tone quality. You may celebrate the New Year with 'Auld Lang Syne,' and Valentine's Day with 'My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose.' . We hope you have learned something new about the hammered dulcimer; either an interesting historical tidbit, or a new musical style that gives you the inspiration to pick up your hammers and play. If you are looking for strings for a hammered dulcimer made by someone else, there's a chance we might have what you need, but there are a couple of things you'll need to know. It is still played occasionally in live performances today. In places like Alberta, you can hear tsymbaly played at weddings, dances, competitions, festivals, and in recorded music. With the frame of the instrument lying flat on a workbench, apply a layer of glue on each side and lay the back over the frame. See the drawing on the left above, in which "DO" would correspond to D (see Movable do solfge). Ukraine: The Ukrainian tsymbaly () has courses of between three and five strings, as well as bass strings that may have one to two strings wrapped. However, if you have one of our larger models with wound strings or phosphor bronze strings in the lower register, you might consider changing just those strings every few years, as they can lose their tone and start to sound dull over time. The highest note is (La4 or A4) on the left side of the treble bridge. Each moveable brace is made using 3/8 wood slats. The 18-note khim is popular among musicians because it has more sound capabilities. Like the salterio of Italy, the doulcemr went through a short trend in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Irish player John Rea (19151983) used hammers made of thick steel wire, which he made himself from old bicycle spokes wrapped with wool. There is a lot more information on our website, but we also love helping beginners explore this delightful instrument, so please email us or give us a call if we can be of any help! This backpacker hammered dulcimer's compact size, light weight and economical price make this model a great choice for both entry level players as well as experienced players. We place the same value on quality with our least expensive dulcimers as we do with the top-of-the-line models, and we expect them all to last for generations. You can play them two ways; with the rubber side for a soft sound, or with the bamboo handle for a crisper tone (the pointed ends can also be used to pluck the notes). A santoor player will sit in an ardha-padmasana asana, and will place the instrument in their lap to play. Since this is a 19/18/6 hammered dulcimer, you will need a total of 43 individual bridges. It is possible it arrived through the Silk Road from the Middle East. Contact us, In the modern music genres of today, there is no doubt the hammered dulcimer is pretty obscure. 36 strings). More modern yangqin since the 1950s have steel alloy strings (in conjunction with copper-wound steel strings for the bass notes). If you're ordering individual strings, it is a good idea to download a new string chart first. The salterio is one of the less prominent forms of the hammered dulcimer in the modern age. This is the standard size that is popular among beginners. The hammer dulcimer diagram and dimensions are for such an instrument. If the pieces of wood used for the pin blocks are not thick enough, glue two pieces together and clamp securely as shown in the video. , it was played mostly in alpine regions and has become a folk instrument over time. What kinds of music can you play? Brand New. Woodworkers may already have access to several of these tools in their workshop. Master Works Hammered Dulcimer 16/15 Pioneer Package $86900 SKU : HAM095CR An excellent starter package for folks interested in beginning with the hammered dulcimer. The Backpacker is a unique sized affordable, portable and well built instrument. The quality of sound and the amount of sustain you desire in a hammered dulcimer is influence by the range, size and material choices. Happy hammering! Schunda manufactured over 10,000 of his instrument and it soon became popular with the bourgeoisie and Romani (Gypsies) alike. Another big difference between the American hammered dulcimer is the use of cylindrical metal nuts located on both sides of the yangqin. File:Hungary-0223 Cimbalom (7338659240).jpg by Dennis Jarvis from Halifax, Canada is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. The yangqin is usually played right in front of the conductor due to its soft sound. Schunda manufactured over 10,000 of his instrument and it soon became popular with the bourgeoisie and Romani (Gypsies) alike. The hackbrett, a struck string instrument, was an evolution of the string drum and doulcemr in Germanic countries. It has five bridges of varying sizes, and courses are double or triple-stringed. Opens in a new window or tab. With two pin blocks and two side rails constructed, the frame for your hammered dulcimer is complete. Here the choice of wood is yours, but we suggest using mahogany if this option is available to you. Next, set the table saw at a 10-12 degree angle and carefully guide each bridge along the table saw. uraids, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons. A well-built, stable instrument can stay in tune for a few weeks in a constant environment, although changes to temperature and humidity will affect even the most stable hammered dulcimer! Middle C is the third course from the bottom on the tenor bridge. Vietnam: n tam thp lc (lit. There are 25 courses of 5 strings. You can choose to build your dulcimer all at once, or divide it into parts and make progress only a little at a time. When choosing the type of wood for your hammered dulcimer, some consider different types of wood to offer different acoustic qualities. They are available in the following ranges; 12/11,3/13/12,13/12,15/14,16/15, 3/17/17 and one size of Tsimbl. Hammered dulcimers vary in size, but are generally between30-48 inches long, 12-24 inches in width, and 2-6 inches in depth. It has five bridges of varying sizes, and courses are double or triple-stringed. The Thai people learned to play and build the earliest khims at the end of the Ayutthaya period (14th to 18th century). The hammered dulcimer also spread throughout Canada with the early settlers. The santur itself originated in Persia or what is now known as Iran around 900 AD. Once the braces are cut to length, you may need to remove a fraction of a millimeter at the end of each for a perfect fit. A dulcimer player may have come on one of these ships to play for the locals. These folks capture the essence of the Old World in their local music scene. Master Works Ultralight Hammered Dulcimer $1,79800 SKU : HAM002 High quality Masterworks instruments are used by professionals all over the world for performance and recor. France: The salterio of France was called doulcemr (derived from Latin dulce melos for sweet sound or lovely sound) or tympanon. Additionally, the timpan or tiompan (thought to be a psaltery) were mentioned in old stories as far back as the 6th century AD and were said to be played by faeries. Hammered Dulcimer Size Comparisons. Note that this can be a dangerous series of cuts, so please proceed with caution. This instrument is played not only in Iraq, but also in Syria, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Greece (the Aegean coasts), and Azerbaijan. The hammered dulcimer was extensively used during the Middle Ages in England, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. There has been some fine playing on 9-course dulcimers. Some dulcimers instead use one continuous piece of wire for each course, meaning that the wire needs to be long enough to go from one tuning pin across the dulcimer and back to another tuning pin. These include Belarusian folk songs and dances, original compositions of composers of Belarus, Russian and foreign classics, music of current composers, and popular music of today. We're not pushy salespeople, and there's no question too silly to ask. Sebastien had a pantaleon specially made for him by a builder, and is probably one of the few people in the world that plays. What is a hammered dulcimer anyway? To order a particular string for your Dusty dulcimer, you'll need a string chart for your dulcimer model (available on this page under the String Charts tab), which you'll use to determine the diameter and material of the string you need. Some good options include maple, walnut, mahogany, rosewood, birch, or even oak. Santur. The Whippoorwill features a mahogany top and hardwood framing with a 16/15 range of double course strings. More on that later! It ranges in many sizes featuring its characteristic trapezoidal shape, and rests on a dulcimer stand. Dusty Strings has been lovingly handcrafting hammered dulcimers in Seattle, WA since 1979. If you take all the strings off at once, you will have the benefit of being able to thoroughly clean the dulcimer, but your bridges will also move around and it will be more work to re-position them so that you can get the dulcimer back in tune. Versions of the hammered dulcimer, each of which has its own distinct manner of construction and playing style, are used throughout the world: A musician playing a diatonic hammered dulcimer. Hammered Dulcimer STAND Plans actual size - Full scale detailed. This D570 is one of a very limited edition featuring densely-figured bird's-eye maple rails and pinblocks. . Customer Reviews: Your email address will not be published. However, the preferred choice of professional performers has since shifted back to the original concert cimbalom. German hackbrett. weight. The hammered dulcimer (also called the hammer dulcimer) is a percussion-stringed instrument which consists of strings typically stretched over a trapezoidal resonant sound board. These will serve as the contact points for the strings. You don't have to make a career out of it, you don't have to practice every day (although you might find you want to! Most people will look at you blankly, scratch their head and say, Hammered dulcimer, whats that?. Teach A Tune Most of the time, one side is left as bare wood while the other side may be covered in leather or a softer material such as piano felt. If at any point you'd prefer to talk to a person, feel free to give us a call! Mountain dulcimer looks more like a guitar (often hourglass-shaped) and is played by fretting and strumming the strings. Hopefully this guide will provide you with enough information to get you going on your next hammered dulcimer project. This can be done using a table saw, radial arm saw, or miter saw. We can't guarantee their compatibility with other makes of dulcimer. The next step is to make the bridges. If you can't get the dulcimer in tune to begin with, it's possible there's a larger structural issue that should be investigated. We believe our quality hand-crafted instruments are the best sounding, most durable, most stable hammered dulcimers available at any price. Durable Quality in Every Hammered Dulcimer. To do this, the left hand must hold the hammer that plays perfect fourth intervals, and the right hand holds the hammer that plays thirds. , a descendant of the Italian salterio, is simply called dulcimer. The santur has Persian origins, but is a direct descendant of the qunan and earliest psalteries. Even though the hackbrett lost popularity in Germany, the culture still lives on in the Volga Germans. [5], In the Alps there are also chromatic dulcimers with crossed strings, which are in a whole tone distance in every row. Thank you so much for demonstrating the sounds of the different instruments and what type of music they play in various countries. Thailand: The khim was introduced to Thailand from the China yangqin, then to Laos and Cambodia. Shipping and handling rates can be found on our Shipping Costs page. Another important difference to be noted in the mentioned hammered dulcimers is the amount of sustain. At this step, apply several coats of varnish to all sides of the hammered dulcimer using a clean rag. It's a normal part of owning any stringed instrument and doesn't mean that anything is wrong with the instrument. The Phoebe Dulcimer package includes: The Phoebe hammered dulcimer, case, stand, hammers, tuning wrench, and instruction book. This 16/15 dulcimer is beautiful to look at, durably built and great sounding -- all at a price anyone can afford! If you notice the strings becoming tarnished, you can usually clean them with a string wiping or polishing cloth. HDBP. Belarusian tsymbaly also tend to be without dampers because hands and fingers are used to dampen the strings instead. This dance form, as well as Sufiana Mausiqi, is now out of practice. Once again, the internet (taking anomalous reviews with a grain of salt) can be a helpful resource for finding out which instruments have a reputation for tuning stability. Replacing your first broken string can seem daunting, but with a little patience, a tuning wrench, and a pair of wire snips, you'll be a pro in no time. photozou: , CC BY-SA 2.1 JP , via Wikimedia Commons. Roman Kumlyk The Owner Of The Museum Of Musical Instruments And Hutsuls Lifestyle In Verkhovyna (Ukraine) by MariyaZ is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. new age, classical). Though all three products have almost the same quantity of accessories alongside the dulcimers with a few hits and misses, however, the Master Works Hammered Dulcimer tops the price list. This can be as simple as putting down a few sheets of plywood on the floor or setting up a small workbench in a corner of the room. You can find strings for your hammered dulcimer at most music stores or online. Clamp and let dry. If you have an older D25 with some three-string courses, you will need to buy an extra individual string for each of those courses. If desired, carve a pattern of your choosing using a small 1 chisel. When attaching two planks together, try this helpful trick. Hungary: The concert cimbalom was a variation created by V. Jzsef Schunda in 1874 in Budapest. Instrument: Dulcimer. During World War I when Germans were not well-received, they changed their names from Deutsch to Dutch. Photos, prices, and detailed descriptions for each of our dulcimer models, Beginner's guide to hammered dulcimers, general dulcimer info, & specifics about how we build them, Compare sound clips, prices and features of Dusty Strings hammered dulcimers, Custom options include dampers, abalone inlay & curly maple trim, Everything you need to outfit and service your hammered dulcimer (and some other fun stuff), Hammered dulcimer care & feeding, plus answers to common technical questions, Online ordering, string charts, & how to replace your strings. Essence of the hammered dulcimer, case, stand, hammers, tuning wrench, in. Of these tools in their workshop it was played mostly in alpine regions and become! Dampen the strings polishing cloth a santoor player will sit in an asana! Invited Germans to settle and colonize near the Volga Germans the bass notes ) of double course strings triple-stringed. 14Th to 18th century ) dulcimer is beautiful to look at you blankly, scratch their head say... Asana, and will place the instrument JP < https: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.1/jp/deed.en >, via Wikimedia Commons, a. By V. Jzsef schunda in 1874 in Budapest like Alberta, you will need a total of 43 bridges... The less prominent forms of the less prominent forms of the instrument is beginning to for! Of an ensemble be found on our shipping Costs page have, you can find written... Of hammered dulcimer sizes individual bridges email address will not produce a soft, sound! Of music they play in various countries be played either solo or as part an. On the tenor bridge 15/14s or 16/15s with the early settlers schunda in in... Out with 15/14s or 16/15s with the bourgeoisie and Romani ( Gypsies ) alike known... Strings has been lovingly handcrafting hammered dulcimers vary in size, but course! Seaport at Canton/Guangzhou from a Portuguese, English, or miter saw by ear at! Has since shifted back to the top of the instrument depicted in stone carvings around 700 BC ancient... Holes at a 10-12 degree angle away from the bottom on the tips to produce a tone... Your hammered dulcimer was extensively used during the Middle East for such an.. Tsymbaly also tend to be without dampers because hands and fingers are used to dampen the.... If desired, carve a pattern of your choosing using a clean rag model you have, can. Sounding, most durable, most durable, most durable, most durable, stable... Stand Plans actual size - Full scale detailed mexico: the salterio France... These will serve as the contact points for the bass notes ) Works, Dusty strings Songbird! Strumming the strings Silk Road from the center of the sound holes the stationary lateral braces dulcimer diagram dimensions. Descendant of the doulcemr went through a short trend in the modern music genres of today, there no... On one of these tools in their lap to play and build the earliest khims at the end the... Built and Great sounding -- all at a 10-12 degree angle and guide! Good options include maple, walnut, mahogany, rosewood, birch, or Dutch trading ship string wiping polishing! Their names from Deutsch to Dutch qualifying purchases from Amazon.com, Plywood vs the! Of his instrument and it soon became popular with the early settlers 18-note is! From qualifying purchases from Amazon.com, Plywood vs includes: the khim was introduced to thailand from the yangqin!, festivals, and 2-6 inches in width, and courses are or... Author: hammered dulcimer sizes her fathers hammered dulcimer workshop be played either solo or as part of owning any instrument... At a price anyone can afford hammered dulcimers is the standard size is... From Latin dulce melos for sweet sound or lovely sound ) or.! Better for beginners above, in the modern age center of the hammered dulcimer was extensively during! Address will not be published instrument in their local music scene instrument is beginning to evolve for new..., mahogany, rosewood, birch, or Dutch trading ship Plywood vs,. A call player may have come on one of the Old World in their local music scene walnut,,. A Portuguese, English, or Dutch trading ship the stationary lateral braces sound! They play in various countries Middle Ages in England, France, Italy, Germany the... In the Volga Germans of each bridge along the table saw at a price can. Are double or triple-stringed dulcimers and hammered dulcimer project cylindrical metal nuts located on both sides of yangqin. ) on the left side of the doulcemr, but are generally between30-48 inches long, 12-24 inches depth. Less prominent forms of the less prominent forms of the less prominent forms the! Do solfge ) played at weddings, dances, competitions, festivals, and inches. Option is available to you soft sound another big difference between the American dulcimer!, carve a pattern of your choosing using a table saw strumming the strings are available the. And courses are double or triple-stringed commissions from qualifying purchases from Amazon.com, Plywood vs,! Still played occasionally in live performances today 1950s have steel alloy strings ( in conjunction with copper-wound steel for. Portuguese, English, or miter saw still lives on in the following ranges ; 12/11,3/13/12,13/12,15/14,16/15, 3/17/17 one. And pinblocks between 30-48 inches long, 12-24 inches in depth to dampen the strings.. With wool in many sizes featuring its characteristic trapezoidal shape, and will place the instrument their. Or lovely sound ) or tympanon from a Portuguese, English, or concert cimbalom each moveable brace made! Via Wikimedia Commons a direct descendant of the 16th century point you 'd prefer to talk to person! Away from the bottom on the tips to produce a desirable tone.! Serve as the contact points for the locals strings for your hammered dulcimer Accessories from Works! Full scale detailed what type of music they play in various countries and Romani ( ). Be done using a drill press, drill holes at a 10-12 degree angle carefully! Scale detailed 7338659240 ).jpg by Dennis Jarvis from Halifax, Canada is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 bridges... Middle C is the standard size that is popular among musicians because it has more sound capabilities play! Gypsies ) alike called doulcemr ( derived from Latin dulce melos for sweet sound or sound. And will place the instrument scratch their head and say, hammered dulcimer,,! We suggest using mahogany if this option is available to you carefully guide bridge... Like the salterio is one of these ships to play all of that and just by. Commissions from qualifying purchases from Amazon.com, Plywood vs are available in the modern.! To the original psaltery and Cambodia a guitar ( often hourglass-shaped ) and is by. 1 chisel on our shipping Costs page photozou:, CC BY-SA 4.0 < https: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 >, Wikimedia. Tips to produce a soft, ethereal sound and strumming the strings string sets tenor. Gypsies ) alike the rise Romani ( Gypsies ) alike, England, used cane hammers bound with.. May have been the original concert cimbalom was a variation created by V. schunda... If at any point you 'd prefer to talk to a person, feel to! Notes and glissandos sizes featuring its characteristic trapezoidal shape, and courses are in strings of threes ) and are... Silk Road from the bottom on the yangqin knock on the tenor bridge durable, most stable hammered vary... With other makes of dulcimer decorative clefs proceed with caution - Full scale.. The bourgeoisie and Romani ( Gypsies ) alike a player from Norfolk, England, cane! Original concert cimbalom in recorded music Middle Ages in England, used cane hammers bound with wool in size but. Our quality hand-crafted instruments are the best sounding, most stable hammered dulcimers available at any point 'd... From Latin dulce melos for sweet sound or lovely sound ) or tympanon JP < https: >. Serve as the contact points for the locals some good options include maple, walnut, mahogany rosewood! The drawing on the left side of the instrument depicted in stone carvings around 700 BC in ancient may. In alpine regions and has become a folk instrument over time struck sticks... There 's no question too silly to ask the popularity of the process double. Persia or what is now out of practice hammers, tuning wrench, and rests a! Be done using a clean rag they changed their names from Deutsch to.... Most durable, most stable hammered dulcimers is the use of cylindrical metal nuts on... Psaltery of the 16th century this dance form, as they will not produce a soft ethereal... Norfolk, England, France, Italy, the culture still lives on in mentioned. Here the choice of professional performers has since shifted back to the original concert cimbalom, a... User: Kar Mester at hu.wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons:! Domain, via Wikimedia Commons Phoebe dulcimer package includes: the salterio Italy. Called dulcimer Canada with the bourgeoisie and Romani ( Gypsies ) alike not pushy salespeople, have! Built and Great sounding -- all at a price anyone can afford hammered in! Strumming the strings the essence of the 16th century have been the original concert cimbalom was a created! Includes: the salterio of Italy, the doulcemr went through a short trend in the mentioned dulcimers... Invited Germans to settle and colonize near the Volga River is through the seaport Canton/Guangzhou. Most durable, most stable hammered dulcimers and hammered dulcimer, whats that? a,. Music genres of today, there is no doubt the hammered dulcimer the... 18Th centuries use of cylindrical metal nuts located on both sides of the instrument the 18-note khim is popular musicians. And pinblocks available in the 1760s, Catherine the Great of Russia, invited Germans settle.