Many wonder why a simple carpet can be such a high priced commodity, but even the most skilled Persian weaver can tie only 12,000 knots a day and with many carpets containing over one million knots, the handmade artistic masterpieces can take over a year to make. Abstract This study compares three cultures: Ottoman Turks, Persians and Arabs. yet, the two nations remain clearly distinct, despite similar/comparable dimensions of life. Outside of the Garip and kinci Yeni movements, a number of other significant poets such as Fazl Hsn Dalarca, Behet Necatigil and Can Ycel also flourished. Especially in the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees are grown abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for cooking. Divan-e Shams is another famous work of Rumi and is recognized by many as a masterpiece of wisdom and eloquence. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Turco-Persian empires weakened by the Europeans' discovery of a sea route to India, and introduction of hand guns, which gave the horsemen of the pastoral societies greater fighting capability. The rise of Turks in Samanid times brought a loss of Samanid southern territories to one of their Mamluks, who were governing on their behalf. The Sogdian language functioned as lingua franca of the Central Asian silk routes. Kara-Khanids established a dominance of ulama in the cities, and the network of recognized Islamic authorities became an alternative social instrument for the maintenance of public order. They patronized Persian culture in the manner of their predecessors. The name Attar means herbalist or druggist, which was his profession. Safavids erected grand mosques and built elegant gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes) and patronized whole academies. Islam is not a nation, nor is it an ethnic group. The documentary has been produced in six 20-minute episodes by Iranian filmmaker Gholamreza Siami for IRIB's international TV network Sahar. Women's volleyball teams such as Eczacba, Vakfbank, and Fenerbahe have been the most successful by far in any team sport, winning numerous European championship titles and medals. This suggests that a dish is a speciality of that area, or may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. [19] Another major sport in which the Turks have been internationally successful is weightlifting; as Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,[20] World and Olympic[21] championship titles. (Aug., 1999), pp. The poets of this movement, soon known as kinci Yeni ("Second New"[22]), opposed themselves to the social aspects prevalent in the poetry of Nzm Hikmet and the Garip poets, and insteadpartly inspired by the disruption of language in such Western movements as Dada and Surrealismsought to create a more abstract poetry through the use of jarring and unexpected language, complex images, and the association of ideas. As they gained strength they fostered development of a new Turkish literature alongside the Persian and Arabic literatures that had arisen earlier. Statue of Ferdowsi also known as Abu-Muhammad Muslih al-Din bin Abdallah Shirazi was one of the great Persian poets of 13th century. The traditional, introverted manner of the society began to change. [16], In Mongol and Timurid times the predominant influences on Turco-Persian culture were imposed from Central Asia, and in this period Turco-Persian culture became sharply distinguishable from the Arabic Islamic world to the west, the dividing zone fell along Euphrates. Sinan started a new era in world architecture, creating 334 buildings in various cities. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires developed variations of a broadly similar Turco-Persian tradition. Islamic ideals became predominant model for discussions about public affairs. Beginning with this period, the upper class and the elites in the Ottoman Empire started to use the open and public areas frequently. Wearing Western-style hats was an important aspect of the modernization process. Orhan Veli Kank, Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat led the Garip movement; while Turgut Uyar, Edip Cansever and Cemal Sreya led the kinci Yeni movement. Turks and Iranians share a common cultural heritage, known as the Turko-Persian tradition, which was a prominent characteristic of the Ghaznavid (977-1186), Seljuk (1037-1194), Sultanate of Rum (1077-1307), Ottoman (1299-1923), Timurid (1370-1507), Kara Koyunlu (1374-1468), Ak Koyunlu (1378-1501), and Safavid (1501-1736) Empires. [25], The Safavids of the fifteenth century were leaders of a Sufi order, venerated by Turkmen tribesmen in eastern Anatolia. Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. His influence in the lives of Persian speakers can be found in Hafez readings and the frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music, visual art, and Persian calligraphy. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. Among these are the Fatih Mosque (1470), Mahmut Paa Mosque, the tiled palace and Topkap Palace. In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the satirical short-story writer Aziz Nesin. Edirne (Adrianople) was the Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, when Istanbul (Constantinople) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. Persian poetry is some of the most beautiful poetry in the world and the Persians cultivated four unique types of poetry; the epic, the ghasideh a purpose poem, the masnavi a narrative poem, and the ghazal a lyrical poem. Persian tile decorating reached its zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries. [2] It was Persianate in that it was centered on a lettered tradition of Iranian origin and it was Turkic insofar as it was founded by and for . persian warriors in line - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . Persian art or Iranian art has one of the richest art heritages in world history. About thirty works by Attar survive, but his masterpiece is the Mantiq at-Tayr (The Conference of the Birds). The institutions stabilized Islamic society into a form that would persist, at least in Western Asia, until the twentieth century. Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, pg 79. At the same time, a distinct Modern Persian literature came into existence in northeastern Iran, where the house of the Samanids of Bukhara and Samarkand had revived the memory of Sasanian glories. They are stone carvings, brick work, stucco and tile panels. Bridging Sound and Culture Concert Series - Music of Central Asia Middle East Eugene Leung (Uyghur dutar, Uzbek dutar tanbur, Oud) Peyman Aela (Persian santur) Dickson Cheung (per) Musa Gen (balama, Turkish ney, voice) Elnur Hajiyev (per) Alicia Lie, Hamed Sadeghi (voice) Abylai Seikhanov (Kazakh dombyra) Tung Tsz ching (Persian kamancheh, Uyghur satar) The Middle East and Central Asia . The twentieth century saw many changes in inland Asia that further exposed contradictory cultural trends in the region. Regional centers of Turkish culture first emerged, ie Central Asia. Their language, Istanbul Turkish, originates from the Turkic language family and they share cultural and historic backgrounds to such groups as the Ottoman Turks, Crimean Karaites, Kazahs, Uzbeks, and . For example, the difference between Urfa kebab and Adana kebab is the use of garlic instead of onion and the larger amount of hot pepper that kebab contains. Taken as a whole, Turkish cuisine is not homogenous. Masnavi is a series of six books of poetry that together are around 25,000 verses. Raimondo Tommaso D'Aronco and Alexander Vallaury were the leading architects of the time. The traditional Turkish national sport has been the Yal gre (Oiled Wrestling) since Ottoman times. Tiles were used to decorate monuments from early ages in Iran. Examples of prevalent symbols that, to some extent, oppose one another include, among others: the nightingale ( blbl) the rose ( gl) [8], The Samanids began recording their court affairs in Arabic and in this language, and they used it as the main public idiom. Behzad is the most famous of Persian miniature painters. In the sixteenth century several Turko-Persian empires arose: the Ottomans in Asia Minor and south-eastern Europe, Safavids in Persia, and Mughals in India. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. Most classical period designs used the Byzantine architecture of the neighboring Balkans as its base, and from there, ethnic elements were added, creating a different architectural style. History of tile (glazed brick), manufacture and decoration in Iran, goes back to the prehistoric period. Parvins poems have social, humanity, learning and mystic concepts. The state accepts all citizens as Turks. One can see how the later monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have taken many of their teachings from this religion. His other known works are: Fihi Ma Fihi (In It Whats in It), Seven Sessions and The Letters. Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India. 31, No. The army was largely composed of mostly Turkic Mamluks. The Turkish community is often exceptionally generous, attending to those in need very quickly. Farid ud-Din Attar was born in Nishapur, in what is today north-east Iran. Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, aside from Turkey, can also be seen in the Balkans, Hungary, Egypt, Tunisia and Algiers, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. Parvin Etesami was a Persian poet in 20th century in Iran. In India, the Mughal Empire decayed into warring states. " Bernard Lewis[36], Roy P. Mottahedeh. [] By the time of the great Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, Iranian Islam had become not only an important component; it had become a dominant element in Islam itself, and for several centuries the main centers of the Islamic power and civilization were in countries that were, if not Iranian, at least marked by Iranian civilization. Stylistically, the early prose of the Republic of Turkey was essentially a continuation of the National Literature movement, with Realism and Naturalism predominating. They patronized literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Muslim world architecture to produce a profusion of mosques, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. Austin: University of Texas, 159, Titley, Norah M. 1983. In a first step their background has been analysed. [23] The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions display basic characteristics of Mediterranean cuisine as they are rich in vegetables, herbs and fish. The first radical step away from this trend was taken by Nzm Hikmet, whoduring his time as a student in the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1924was exposed to the modernist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky and others, which inspired him to start writing verse in a less formal style. The Mongols under Genghis Khan (122058) and Timur (Tamerlane, 1336-1405) had the effect of stimulating development of Persianate culture of Central and West Asia, because of the new concentrations of specialists of high culture created by the invasions, for many people had to seek refuge in few safe havens, primarily India, where scholars, poets, musicians, and fine artisans intermingled and cross-fertilized, and because the broad peace secured by the huge imperial systems established by the Il-Khans (in the thirteenth century) and Timurids (in the fifteenth century), when travel was safe, and scholars and artists, ideas and skills, and fine books and artifacts circulated freely over a wide area. This fact is visible in their scale systems and the instruments they make use of. Her first collection of poems was published in 1935 and she received 3rd degree Medal of Art and Culture in 1936. Unlike Persia they gradually shed some of their Persianate qualities. [citation needed], These generals eventually had effective control over all Samanid affairs. The main reason for this was Safavids' introduction of Shiism into Persia, done to distinguish themselves from their Sunni neighbors, especially Ottomans. The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. The art of ancient Persia includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture from the early kingdom of Iran in southwest Asia. [11], Another famous Turkish film director is Ferzan zpetek, whose films like Hamam (1997), Harem suar (1999), Le Fate Ignoranti (2001), La finestra di fronte (2003), Cuore Sacro (2005) and Saturno contro (2007) won him international fame and awards. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has described his upcoming meeting with Syrian strongman Bashar al-Assad as a "new peace process". A style that was very similar to Baroque was developed by the Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. Authors such as Ahmed Him and Yahy Keml Beyatl (18841958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. . [2], Middle Persian was a lingua franca of the region before the Arab invasion, but afterwards Arabic became a preferred medium of literary expression. Of all the reasons to learn a language, study or work abroad, migrate permanently to another country, jobs for language learners, cultural aspects, and learning as a hobby are primary motivators. The Rstem Pasha Mosque, Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Ibrahim Pasha Mosque, and the ehzade Mosque, as well as the trbes (mausoleum) of Suleiman the Magnificent, Roxelana and Selim II are among Sinan's most renowned works. Prior. Helping to distinguish between. [11] Other important films of Akn, such as Kurz und schmerzlos (1998), In July (2000), Solino (2002), and Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul (2005) won numerous awards. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namk Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel ntibh (Awakening), while the journalist brahim inasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "air Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state. My Turkish etymological dictionary gives again the following pronunciations (using Turkish phonetical spelling, which tends to be different from other transcriptions in Latin letters): the Akkadian as tinru, the Aramaic tanr, the Hebrew tennr, the Persian both tanr and tandr, the Arabic tanr, the Turkish tandr, the Hindustani tandri. Turkey hosted the 2005 Summer Universiade in zmir and the 2011 Winter Universiade in Erzurum. During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip period, all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. The Shu'ubiyah Controversy and the Social History of Early Islamic Iran. ALL ABOUT TURKISH, ARABIC and PERSIAN MUSIC Each of Turkish, Arabic and Persian music carry the influences of the cultures they have encountered and the long history of the lands they were born. The name of specialities sometimes includes the name of a city or a region (either in Turkey or outside). The Samanids had their own guard of Turkic Mamluk mercenaries (the ghilman), who were headed by a chamberlain, and a Persian and Arabic speaking bureaucracy, headed by a Persian vizier. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor, and developed an empire that subjugated most of the Arab Islamic world as well as south-eastern Europe. These changes were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. [18] Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the Istanbul Park racing circuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series. [3], In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by conquering peoples to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia, Central Asia and the Tarim Basin, and large parts of West Asia. Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. New York: Cambridge University Press, Letter from Gyk Khan to Pope Innocent IV, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turco-Persian_tradition&oldid=1134155080, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 07:22. Fact is visible in their scale systems and the instruments they make use of institutions stabilized Islamic society into form., ie Central Asia trends in the region are stone carvings, brick work, stucco tile! These generals eventually had effective control over all Samanid affairs reached its zenith in the.! 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